환경 및 무역 관련용어 모음집 environmental and trade terms : 12201-12300

환경 및 무역 관련용어 모음집 environmental and trade terms : 12201-12300

번호                  용어                  해설

12201    ◆         acoustic dispersion         ◆         the separation of a sound wave into its frequency components as it passes through a particular medium. Also, refers to the fact that the velocity of the wave changes at it passes through the medium.

12202    ◆         acoustic domain ◆         a term for a region of acoustic vibrational activity in a crystal lattice.

12203    ◆         acoustic emission           ◆         the transmission of sound pressure waves from a body due to a rapid energy release in response to internal or external mechanical stress placed upon the medium.  Materials Science. the measurement of such sound waves as a means of detecting material flaws or failures.

12204    ◆         acoustic fatigue  ◆         the loss of strength in a material due to acoustic stresses.

12205    ◆         acoustic feedback           ◆         ㆍ the return signal in signal processing that is used to adjust the output.the return signal in signal processing that is used to adjust the output. ㆍ an undesirable return signal that can produce excessive reinforcement and loud sounds, such as those produced when loudspeaker signals are picked up by a microphone.an undesirable return signal that can produce excessive reinforcement and loud sounds, such as those produced when loudspeaker signals are picked up by a microphone.

12206    ◆         acoustic filter     ◆         a device used to cut off sound in a particular frequency or range of frequencies while admitting sound in another or other frequencies.

12207    ◆         acoustic generator          ◆         a device that creates sound energy, such as a noise generator that produces broadband noise or an oscillator that produces discrete frequencies.

12208    ◆         acoustic grating  ◆         a series of equally distant and equal-sized obstacles to sound waves, which cause wave diffraction, depending on the grating and wavelength

12209    ◆         acoustic image   ◆         a theoretical image, analogous to an optical image, of an actual sound source at a point on the opposite side of a barrier or boundary; used for measuring sound characteristics such as the combined strength of a wave and its subsequent reflections.

12210    ◆         acoustic imaging ◆         the use of acoustic energy to form a representation of a physical object, such as ultrasound tomography on internal human organs or on microscopic images created with sound.

12211    ◆         acoustic impedance         ◆         the total reaction of a medium to sound transmission through it, represented as the complex ratio of the sound pressure to the effective flux (particle velocity times surface area) through the medium.

12212    ◆         acoustic intensity            ◆         the average acoustic power transported across a unit area, usually expressed in watts per square meter.

12213    ◆         acoustic interferometer    ◆         a device that measures the velocity and attenuation of sound in a fluid medium by transmitting an ultrasonic beam through the medium to a reflector.

12214    ◆         acoustic jamming           ◆         the intentional saturation of an acoustic band with acoustic noise so that other sounds in the same band are masked

12215    ◆         acoustic labyrinth           ◆         a speaker enclosure with special partitions and passages that dissipate cavity resonance and reinforce bass response.

12216    ◆         acoustic lens      ◆         a system of disks or other devices to spread or converge sound waves in a manner analogous to the way an optical lens refracts light.

12217    ◆         acoustic levitation           ◆         the use of intense sound waves to support an object in a fluid medium.

12218    ◆         acoustic line       ◆         a path along which acoustic signals are carried in such a way that resonant cavities, baffles, and labyrinths are interconnected for the desired transmission of bass frequencies; it is analogous to an electromagnetic transmission line.

12219    ◆         acoustic logging ◆         a technique used to measure porosity in drill holes; a comparison of the depth to the travel time of a sonic impulse through a specific section of the borehole gives an indication of the rock composition and fluids found in the formation.

12220    ◆         acoustic mass     ◆         the impedance of an acoustic volume, which for a small volume such as a tube can be derived by the formula MA = l/S, in which  is the density of air, l is the length of the volume, and S is the cross-sectional area.

12221    ◆         acoustic measurement     ◆         the logarithmic (base 10) measurement of acoustic energy, normally using decibel units by an equation such as the power equation: dB = 10 log(P/P0) with P0 representing the reference power, and P representing the nonreference power.

12222    ◆         acoustic model   ◆         a scale model of a room, building, or other object used to measure qualities of sound distribution and noise control.

12223    ◆         acoustic noise    ◆         ㆍ any sound that is audible to human hearing.any sound that is audible to human hearing. ㆍ an unwanted sound that is subjected to some form of noise control.an unwanted sound that is subjected to some form of noise control.

12224    ◆         acoustic ocean-current meter       ◆            a device used to monitor currents by measuring the difference in travel time between each acoustic pulse transmitted in a direction opposite to the flow of a current and the return pulse.

12225    ◆         acoustic ohm     ◆         a unit of measurement based on Ohm's laws, used to measure acoustic impedance; equal to the impedance of a medium in which a sound pressure of one dyne per square centimeter produces a velocity of one centimeter per second.

12226    ◆         acoustic position reference           ◆            a system used in offshore drilling that transmits ultrasonic signals to monitor the drilling ship's position in relation to the ocean floor.

12227    ◆         ACOUSTIC POWER          ◆         음향출력; 음원으로부터 단위시간당 방출되는 총 음에너지

12228    ◆         acoustic radiation           ◆         sound wave energy that travels from one point to another by exerting pressure on the medium, creating a pattern of compressions and rarefactions that can be described as a three-dimensional pattern.

12229    ◆         acoustic radiation pressure           ◆            the total pressure of a sound wave on any surface of interface.

12230    ◆         acoustic radiator ◆         an element or object that radiates sound, such as the cone on a loudspeaker, the diaphragm on headphones, or an object under water.

12231    ◆         acoustic ratio     ◆         ㆍ the ratio of the intensity of an acoustic signal that is radiated directly from a sound source to that of the same signal after it has reflected from a surface.the ratio of the intensity of an acoustic signal that is radiated directly from a sound source

12232    ◆         acoustic reactance          ◆         the imaginary portion of acoustic impedance (when impedance is expressed as a complex number), due to the inertia and elasticity of the medium and consisting of acoustic mass and acoustic compliance.

12233    ◆         acoustic reciprocity theorem         ◆            a theorem used for calibration of a linear sound system, stating that if a force of specific magnitude is applied to any branch of the system and a response is measured on the branch, the ratio of the force to the magnitude of response will be unchanged if the points of application and measurement are reversed.

12234    ◆         acoustic reflectivity          ◆         ㆍ the relative reflectivity of a specific material, that is, the tendency to deflect sound energy rather than absorb it, in a specific medium such as air, water, earth, and so on.the relative reflectivity of a specific material, that is, the tendency to deflect sound energy rather than absorb it, in a specific medium such as air, water, earth, and so on. ㆍ the tendency of a surface to cause a sound wave to reflect at an angle equal to the angle of incidence, represented by the coefficient equation R = (m cosθ1- n cosθ2 ) / (m cosθ1 + n cosθ2) with m representing the ratio of densities and n representing the ratio of velocities. Also, acoustic reflection coefficient.the tendency of a surface to cause a sound wave to reflect at an angle equal to the angle of incidence, represented by the coefficient equation R = (m cosθ1 - n cosθ2 ) / (m cosθ1 + n cosθ2) with m representing the ratio of densities and n representing the ratio of velocities. Also, acoustic reflection coefficient.

12235    ◆         acoustic reflex enclosure  ◆         a loudspeaker cabinet designed with certain materials and structure so as to direct low-frequency signals forward rather than attenuating these signals within the cabinet

12236    ◆         acoustic refraction          ◆         the change in the direction of sound as it travels through a medium due to differences in temperature, pressure, and other characteristics of the medium, or a change in the medium.

12237    ◆         acoustic resistance          ◆         the real portion of acoustic impedance due to characteristics of the medium; the real part of the ratio of sound pressure at a specific point in the medium to particle velocity in a free plane.

12238    ◆         acoustic resonance          ◆         a condition in which the amplitude of periodic sinusoidal motion in an acoustical system is at its maximum, due to the system being acted upon by sound waves at the same frequency as the natural oscillation frequency of the system.

12239    ◆         acoustic resonator          ◆         a device with an acoustic mass and compliance that mutually cancel each other's effects, thus rendering zero acoustic reactance at a specific natural frequency or frequencies for which it was designed.

12240    ◆         acoustic scattering          ◆         a distribution of sound waves in many directions due to multiple reflections and bending (diffraction), such as can occur with music performed in a poorly designed auditorium.

12241    ◆         acoustic seal      ◆         a connection point or joint along an acoustic transmission line in which acoustic coupling is maximized; i.e., there are low losses of energy.

12242    ◆         acoustic shadow ◆         a space into which sound does not enter due to the refraction of sound waves; for example, a space immediately behind a large object that obstructs the sound wave.

12243    ◆         acoustic shielding           ◆         the use of barriers to prevent the transmission of sound into a space or past the barrier, such as barriers constructed to control unwanted noise.

12244    ◆         acoustic signal processing            ◆            the extraction of useful information from acoustic signals, using electronic techniques such as a fast Fourier transform.

12245    ◆         acoustic spectrometer      ◆         an electronic device that measures the intensities of acoustic frequencies for a selected frequency band.

12246    ◆         acoustic spectrum           ◆         ㆍ the frequency range of acoustic signals.the frequency range of acoustic signals. ㆍ a graph showing such a range.a graph showing such a range.

12247    ◆         acoustic stiffness ◆         a quantity given by the product of the angular frequency 2πf and the acoustic stiffness reactance.

12248    ◆         acoustic stiffness reactance          ◆            the portion of the acoustic reactance of a medium associated with the potential energy, analogous to the capacitive reactance of an electrical system.  Materials Science. the measurement of this resistance as a factor in the selection of materials for machinery.

12249    ◆         acoustic suspension        ◆         a method of sound reproduction in loudspeakers in which the speaker is loosely suspended in a sealed cabinet of sound-absorbent material; it allows for the reproduction of high-quality sound in relatively compact enclosures.

12250    ◆         acoustic tomography       ◆         an imaging technique in which information is collected from beams of acoustic radiation that have passed through an object.

12251    ◆         acoustic transducer         ◆        a device, such as an underwater hydrophone, that converts acoustic energy into electromagnetic energy, or a device, such as a loudspeaker, that converts electromagnetic energy into acoustic energy.

12252    ◆         acoustic transformer       ◆         a device in a sound system that changes an electroacoustical signal so that the reproduced sound is altered in some way from the original, as in its amplitude, frequency, or duration.

12253    ◆         acoustic transmission      ◆         the movement of acoustic energy by wave motion through a medium

12254    ◆         acoustic velocity ◆         the speed at which sound travels.

12255    ◆         acoustic wave     ◆         a three-dimensional wave of compression and decompression of a medium, due to a disturbance of the medium by a source of acoustic energy

12256    ◆         acoustic wave amplifier    ◆         an amplifier that increases the strength of an acoustic wave by transferring the energy of semiconductor charge carriers to the wave, as the wave travels through a piezoelectric medium.

12257    ◆         acoustic wave filter         ◆         a filter designed to separate sound waves of different frequencies

12258    ◆         acoustical engineering     ◆         the practical application of the science of acoustics, including such elements as noise and vibration control, sound reproduction and broadcasting, and the use of sound instruments to make measurements and to examine or process various materials.

12259    ◆         ACOUSTICS        ◆         음향학 : 음에 관한 과학

12260    ◆         acoustoelectronics          ◆         the use of acoustic energy to create electromagnetic waves, usually with crystals or metals that react when bombarded with acoustic waves, and the processing of such waves prior to reproduction of original sound.

12261    ◆         acoustooptical cell          ◆         an electric-to-optical transducer in which an acoustic or ultrasonic electric input signal modulates or acts on a beam of light.

12262    ◆         ACP      ◆         Agriculture Control Program (Water Quality Management); ACP: Air Carcinogen Policy

12263    ◆         ACQR    ◆         Air Quality Control Region

12264    ◆         ACQUIRE           ◆         Aquatic Information Retrieval

12265    ◆         Acration Tank     ◆         A chamber used to inject air into water.

12266    ◆         Acree's reaction  ◆         the addition of sulfuric acid and a formaldehyde solution containing ferric chloride to an unknown solution for the purpose of testing for proteins; the appearance of a violet-colored ring indicates a positive test.

12267    ◆         acrodendrophilous          ◆            describing a species that lives or thrives in treetop habitats.

12268    ◆         acrolein test       ◆         a test for glycerin or fats, in which potassium bisulfate is added to the sample and heated; acrolein is released if the test is positive.

12269    ◆         Across the pipe for pipes larger than 3ft in diameter        ◆         직경3ft이상의 관용 직경방향 설치 주입기; 염소용액을 주입하는데 사용되는 분산기 종류

12270    ◆         Acrylamide의 특성 및 방제방법    ◆            주최 : 국립환경 연구원

12271    ◆         acrylic   ◆         ㆍ relating to or containing acrylic acid.relating to or containing acrylic acid. ㆍ describing a product derived from acrylic acid: acrylic sealants, acrylic adhesives.describing a product derived from acrylic acid: acrylic sealants, acrylic adhesives. 3. any of various synthetic products made with acrylic acid, such as an acrylic resin, fiber, plastic, or paint.any of various synthetic products made with acrylic acid, such as an acrylic resin, fiber, plastic, or paint.

12272    ◆         ACS      ◆         American Chemical Society

12273    ◆         ACSAD  ◆         아랍건조지대 연구센타  Arab center for the study of arid zones and drylands

12274    ◆         ACScale Sound Level       ◆         A measurement of sound approximating the sensitivity of the human ear, used to note the intensity or annoyance level of sounds.

12275    ◆         ACT      ◆         Action

12276    ◆         actic      ◆         relating to or living in a rocky seashore environment

12277    ◆         actinide ◆         any element of the actinide series. (So called because all its members have properties similar to those of actinium.)

12278    ◆         actinism ◆         the action or property of radiation that produces chemical effects, as in photography.

12279    ◆         actinium            ◆         a radioactive chemical element having the symbol Ac, the atomic number 89, an atomic weight (in its most stable isotope) of 227, a melting point of 1050°C and a boiling point of about 3200°C, and a half-life of 2ㆍ7 years; a rare silvery-white metal found in compound form in uranium ores or obtained from radium by neutron bombardment. (From a Greek term meaning rays of light or radiance.)

12280    ◆         actinoelectricity   ◆         the electromotive force produced in a substance by the action of radiant energy upon crystals during electromagnetic radiation exposure.

12281    ◆         ACTINOMYCETES ◆         방선균; 유기물의 생물학적 처리과정에 관련된 주요한 미생물로서 세균과 곰팡이의 중간적 특성을 가지며 세포크기는 0.5-1.4mm 정도이다

12282    ◆         actinon  ◆         the former name of a gaseous radioactive isotope of radon, now called radon-219, a member of the actinium series.

12283    ◆         actinouranium    ◆         the former name of the radioactive uranium isotope of mass 235 that is now called uranium-235.

12284    ◆         action    ◆         ㆍ according to Newton's third law of motion, an external force (the action) that is applied to a body and that is counteracted by an equal force in the opposite direction (the reaction).according to Newton's third law of motion, an external force (the action) that is applied to a body and that is counteracted by an equal force in the opposite direction (the reaction).

12285    ◆         Action Levels      ◆         1. Regulatory levels recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesti-cide. As opposed to tolerances which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage, action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contami-nation. 2. In the Superfund program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan. The term is also used in other regulatory programs.(See:tolerances.)

12286    ◆         action variable    ◆         the time integral associated with the evolution of a physical system in the phase space; for a system of particles it equals the sum of the integrals of the system's generalized momenta over their canonically conjugate generalized coordinates.

12287    ◆         ACTIONABLE SUBSIDIES   ◆         상계가능보조금 : 조치가능보조금이라고도 하며, 주로 보조금으로 인한 손해, 혜택의 무효화 혹은 침해, 심각한 손상들을 포함하는 보조금의 교역효과에 따라 대상요부가 결정된다.

12288    ◆         actium   ◆         a rocky seashore environment or community.

12289    ◆         activate  ◆         to purify sewage by treating it with air and bacteria.  Chemistry. to cause or accelerate a reaction.  Materials Science. to treat charcoal, carbon, or the like to improve their capacity for adsorbing impurities.  Physics. to induce activity in a system that is static, as in neutron activation of radioactivity.  :  ㆍ to start the operation of an electrical device, usually by applying an enable signal or power to it.to start the operation of an electrical device, usually by applying an enable signal or power to it. ㆍ to use liquid as an additive in order to make a cell or battery operational.to use liquid as an additive in order to make a cell or battery operational. 3. to apply material to the surface of a cathode to create or increase cathode emissivity.to apply material to the surface of a cathode to create or increase cathode emissivity.  Ordnance. to cause a missile or explosive to be in an active state, ready for firing or explosion.

12290    ◆         Activated biofilter process ◆         활성생물막 여상; 2차 슬러지를 살수여상의 반송시키는 형태로 고율살수여상과 유사

12291    ◆         ACTIVATED CARBON       ◆         활성탄

12292    ◆         Activated Carbon ◆         A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from waste  drinking water. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems.

12293    ◆         activated cathode            ◆         in an electron tube, a cathode that has been treated with a material such as thorium oxide, ThOㆍ This treatment increases the emissivity of the cathode and thus the efficiency of the tube.

12294    ◆         activated complex           ◆         a term for molecules in an unstable state intermediate to that of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

12295    ◆         activated sludge  ◆         the semiliquid, microbe-rich sediment that is added to secondary-stage sewage material in the activated-sludge process.

12296    ◆         Activated sludge powdered activated arbon treatment ◆         활성슬러지/분말활성탄 처리; 활성탄을 직접 포기조에 주입하여, 생물학적 산화와 물리적 흡착이 동시에 일어나는 공정

12297    ◆         Activated sludge processes           ◆            활성슬러지 공정; 탄소성 유기물 제거에 쓰이는 주요한 부유성장 생물학적 처리공정

12298    ◆         activated state    ◆         the higher energy state through which an atom passes in transforming from a metastable to a more stable state.

12299    ◆         activated support            ◆         a chemically treated matrix material whose surface contains a large proportion of reactive groups.

12300    ◆         activated-sludge effluent  ◆         in the activated-sludge process, the liquid material that is transported to an aeration tank for secondary treatment.

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