토익 필수 12 : ::: 비교급과 최상급 만들기 :::

::: 비교급과 최상급 만들기 :::

비교급과 최상급은 다음과 같이 만든다.

1) 단음절(발음되는 모음이 하나인 것)에 -er, -est를 붙여서 만들고, 2음절 이상인 경우 more, most를 붙인다.

ex) tall - taller - tallest

　　difficult - more difficult - most difficult

2) 다음 2음절 단어에 -er, -est를 붙인다.

(1) -er, -y, -le, -some, -ture, -ow로 끝나는 단어

ex) clever - cleverer - cleverest

　　noisy - noisier - noisiest

　　simple - simpler - simplest

　　shallow - shallower - shallowest

(2) ly로 끝나는 단어에는 more, most를 붙이나 friendly는 -er, -est를 붙인다.

ex) quickly - more quickly - most quickly

　　friendly - friendlier - friendliest

3) 불규칙 비교

good/well - better - best bad/il - worse - worst

many/much - more - most little - less - least

far - farther - farthest (거리의 비교) far - further - furthest (정도)late - later (나중에) - latest (최근의) (시간비교)

late - latter (후자) - last (최후의) (순서비교)

little은 양에 대한 비교급을 갖지만, "크기"를 뜻할 때는 비교급이 없다.

::: 비교구문 개념 :::

비교급 + than의 형태를 가지며, than은 앞에 있는 비교급을 수식하는 종속접속사이다.

1) 비교급 + than을 우월 비교, 그리고 less + than(또는 not so～as)을 열등비교라고 한다.

ex) She is less clever than Jim. = She is not so clever as Jim.

2) 앞에 "비교급" 없이는 than이 쓰일 수 없다.

ex) He is working hard than he used to. (×)

　　→ He is working harder than he used to.

3) than 다음에는 앞의 비교되는 대상을 제외하는 단어인 other, else 등이 와야 한다.

ex) He's smarter than anyone else in his class.

　　I feel better today than I did last week. (시제를 비교)

4) 부정어가 than 다음에 올 수 없다.

ex) Tom writes more neatly than I do not. (×)

　　→ Tom writes more neatly than I do.

::: The+비교급, the+비교급 :::

"～하면 할수록, 더욱 더 ～하다"의 뜻을 갖는다. 앞에 있는 the는 관계부사로 하며 지시부사인 the를 수식한다. 이 구문은 다음과 같이 세 가지의 유형을 갖는다.

1) 가장 일반적인 유형인 "The+비교급+주어+동사～, the+비교급+주어+동사～"가 있다.

ex) The sooner we start, the sooner we will finish.

2) be동사가 생략된 "The+비교급+주어+(be), the+비교급+주어 +(be)"가 있다.

ex) The more precise a writer's words (are), the more effective the communication (is). (작가의 말이 명확하면 할수록, 의사 소통은 더욱 더 효과적이다.)

3) 주어와 동사가 생략된 "the+비교급, the+비교급"이 있다.

ex) The sooner, the better. (빠르면 빠를수록 좋다.)

주의 : 주어가 to부정사, 분사, 관계대명사에 의해서 수식을 받으면 주어와 동사의 순서가 바뀐다.

ex) The better the university's reputation (is), the better are its graduates' chances to get a good job.

::: 배수와 차 :::

1) 배수: time(배)를 'as～as'앞 또는 '비교급+than' 앞에 놓는다.

(1) twice는 as～as와 쓰인다.

ex) George is twice as old as Henry.

(2) "배수+as～as"에서 두 번째의 as이하를 생략할 수 있다.

ex) I paid twice as much (as you did).

(3) 1/2(= a half)이 부사로 쓰이면 a를 생략하고 `half as～as'로 한다.

ex) The new store is half as big as the old one.

(4) as～as를 생략할 수 있다.

ex) The floor space is three times (as wide as) that of this building.

2) 숫자+비교급:

ex) You must wait for two more weeks.(2주 더)

::: The same :::

same은 대명사, 형용사, 부사로 쓰이며, the, this, 또는 that 등을 동반한다.

1) like와 쓰이지 않는 대신, as 또는 that과 쓰인다.

ex) Is my hat the same like yours? (×) → Is my hat the same as yours?

2) all, much, quite, almost, about, very 등은 the same을 강조할 수 있다.

ex) He gave much the same answer as before.

3) the same+추상명사+as=as+형용사+as

ex) Jane is the same age as John.=Jane is as old as John.

4) the same이 부사로 쓰일 때 in the same way, similarly의 뜻이다.

ex) These words are spelled differently but pronounced the same.

::: 최상급 :::

최상급은 셋 이상의 대상을 비교할 때 쓰며 다음과 같이 표현하다.

1) the+최상급+(명사)+of all+(the)+복수명사 / 장소 부사(구)

ex) She is the prettiest of them all.

　　Mt. Everest is the highest in the world.

2) 비교급+than+any+other+단수명사, 부정어+as/ so～as, 또는 부정어+비교급+than

ex) He is taller than any other student in his class.

　　= No other students in his class are as tall as he.

　　= No other students in his class are taller than he.

　　= He is the tallest of all the students in his class.

3) 최상급의 강조는 "관계대명사 + 현재완료, -(a)ible형의 형용사, ever" 등을 사용해 뒤에서 강조한다.

ex) This is the most difficult work imaginable.

　　This is the prettiest girl I have ever seen.

　　= She is the prettiest girl who has ever been seen.

　　= She is the prettiest girl ever seen.

　　This is the best meal ever.

::: 강조어 :::

비교급과 최상급 much는 비교급을 강조하고 very는 원급과 최상급을 강조한다.

ex) You need to work more faster.(×)

　　→ You need to work much faster.

　　He is walking most slowest.(×)

　　→ He is walking very slowest.

1) 비교급과 최상급을 강조하는 것: much, far, by far, even

ex) We're walking by far slowest.

2) 비교급만 강조하는 것: any, no, still, a little, a lot, a bit

ex) I am a little taller than the average American man.

3) 최상급만 강조하는 것: very, far and away, out and away,

ex) He's far and away the best student in the class.

::: 관용어 :::

1) much / still more: "～은 말할 것도 없이"의 뜻이다. 앞 문장이 긍정일 때 쓰이고, 부정일 때는 much(still) less를 쓴다.

(= let alone = not to speak of = not to mention = to say nothing of)

ex) It is easy to understand his books, much more his lecture.

He cannot read French, much less speak it.

2) not A so much as B: A라기보다는 B이다.

(= not so much A as B = B rather than A)

ex) I don't so much dislike him as hate him.

3) at (the) best(좋아봐야), at (the) most(많아야), at (the) least(적어도), at the latest(늦어도), at the worst(아무리 나빠도)

4) the + 비교급 + of the two: 둘 중에서 더 ～한

ex) Jill is the shorter of the two.

::: 기타 :::

◉ 고득점 문법

1) 동급비교

as ～ as를 강조할 경우는 equally로 하지 않고 quite, almost, about, just로 강조한다.

ex) He is equally as lazy as I am. (×)

　　→ He is about as lazy as I am.

2) 비교급과 최상급 만들기

(1) 2음절중에서 er, est를 붙이는 경우

(a) 끝음절에 강세가 오는 단어(polite, secure, profound)와 부정 접두어를 가진 것

ex) polite - politer - politest, uncommon - uncommoner - uncommonest

(b) cruel, common, solid, quiet, pleasant는 -er, -est 또는 more, most를 붙일 수 있다.

ex) pleasant - pleasanter - pleasantest

　　pleasant - more pleasant - most pleasant

(2) 단음절인 fond, real, right 등이 주격보어에 쓰이는 경우 more, most를 붙인다.

ex) I'm more fond of country music.

(3) perfect, favorite, unique, empty, round, complete 등은 비교급과 최상급으로 만들지 않는다.

ex) Who's your more favorite actor? (×)

　　→ Who's your favorite actor?

(4) 비교의 뜻이 없는 inner, outer, lesser, upper, latter, former, utter, elder등은 than과 쓰이지 않는다.

ex) Jane is elder than Mary. (×) → Jane is older than Mary.

3) 배수 : twice와 분수에는 times를 쓰지 않는다.

ex) He was twice times as strong as she. (×)

　　→ He was twice as strong as she.

　　He has two thirds times as many as I. (×)

　　→ He has two thirds as many as I.

cf) This bridge is one and a half times as long as that. (1½배)

4) the same :

(1) the same ～ as는 유사물, the same ～ that은 동일물을 나타낸다.

ex) Sailors received the same pay as soldiers.

　　He is the same man that came here yesterday.

(2) the same with는 비교에 쓰이지 않는다.

ex) She is the same height with him. (×)

　　→ She is the same height as she.

cf) Butterflies come from caterpillars. It is the same with moths.

5) 최상급

(1) 동일물의 최상급 : 상대 비교가 아닌 주어 자체 내에서의 비교에는 최상급 앞에 the를 쓰지 않는다.

ex) The lake is deepest here. cf) The lake is the deepest in the country.

(2) "as ～ as ever + 과거동사"로 최상의 의미를 가질 수 있다.

ex) He is as idle as ever.

6) as와 than 뒤의 생략 :

"as ～ as"와 "비교급 ～ than" 다음에 앞 문장과 같은 내용을 생략할 수 있다. 생략하고 남은 "주어와 동사" 또는 "주어 + 대동사"는 순서를 바꿀 수 있다.

ex) Tom writes faster than John does. (John do = John write fast)

　　= Tom writes faster than dose John.

cf) John likes his dog better than he does his wife. (=he likes his wife)

※ 주의

(a) 주어가 대명사이면 주어와 동사의 위치를 바꾸지 않는다.

ex) They arrived earlier than did she. (×)

　　→ They arrived earlier than she did.

(b) 주절의 주어가 부정이면 "주어와 동사"의 순서를 바꾼다.

ex) Nothing makes a man more reverent than does a library.

7) 라틴 비교급 : 라틴어 비교구문에는 than 대신 to를 쓴다.

junior(=younger), senior(=older_, major(=greater, more important), minor(=smaller, less important), anterior(=earlier), posterior(=later), interior(=inner), exterior(=outer), superior(=better), inferior(=worse), prior(=before), prefer(=like better)

ex) This cloth is superior to that.

　　Mary is senior to me by three years. (3살 위)

　　= Mary is my senior by three years. = Mary is three years my senior.

　　= mary is three years older than I.

8) 기타 비교구문

(1) 이중비교 : 원급비교와 비교급 구문이 접속사에 의해서 연결된 경우 다음과 같이 중복되는 부분을 생략할 수 있다.

ex) Jane is as tall as Brown, if she is not taller than Brown.

　　= Jane is as tall as Brown, if not taller.

　　= Jane is as tall as, if not taller than Brown.

(2) 동일인(사물) 비교 : 동일인 또는 동일 사물의 성질, 성향의 비교에는 more를 쓴다. 이때의 more대신 rather를 쓸 수 있다.

ex) She is more mad than stupid. = She is mad rather than stupid.

참고 : than이 "than + 관계대명사"로 쓰일 때 than 전치사 역할을 하는 경우도 있다.

ex) John is his son, than whom a kinder son does not exist.

(3) as ～ as possible = as ～ as one can : 가능한 ～하게

ex) She runs as fast as possible. = She runs as fast as she could.

(4) as good as : ～나 다름없는

ex) He was as good as dead after so much exercise.

(5) 형용사나 부사를 as ～ as로 강조한다.

ex) He paid as much as 10 dollars.

(6) no more ～ than은 not ～ any more than으로 바꿀 수 있다.(～이 아닌 것은 ～이 아닌 것과 같다.)

ex) He's no more capable of reading French than I am.

(7) no less ～ than : quite as ～ as (～ 못지 않게), ～와 마찬가지로

ex) He is no less diligent than his father.

(8) no more than = nothing more than = not much more than = only(단지)

ex) There are no more than five boys in the room.

(9) not more than = probably fewer than(넘지 않는), at most(겨우, 기껏해야)

ex) There are not more than a mile to the supermarket.

(10) no less than = as much as, not less than = st least(적어도)

ex) It will take not less than an hour to walk there.

　　No less than 1,000 people came to the meeting.

(11) other than : ～을 제외하고(= except). ～과 다른 ( = different from)

ex) There was no one there other than an old woman.

　　I couldn't say anything other than 'sorry'.

(12) rather than : ～대신에 ( = instead of)

ex) Let's travel in June rather than in July.

(13) none the less for = no less for = in spite of ( ～에도 불구하고)

ex) I can't swim. None the less, I'll try to cross the river.

(14) more than = over, less than = a smaller amount of, fewer than

ex) In some places bottled water cost more than a glass of beer.

　　He's eating less than usual.

　　Fewer than 10 students applied for the job.

(15) 비교급 and 비교급 : "더욱 더"의 뜻으로 강조한다.

ex) He became more and more in stock speculation.

　　He is eating less and less.

(16) compared to : 비교급과 쓰여 than을 대신할 수 있다.

ex) Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to when we were at school.

(17) 숫자 + of more (～이상), sooner or later(조만간), more or less(다소), more often than not(종종), know better than to do(～하는 것이 좋지 않음을 알고 있다.) second to none(누구에게도 뒤지지 않는)

ex) We need three of more tickets for the play.

　　They seemed more or less familiar with the subject.

　　She knows better than to spend all her money on clothes.

　　I really must meet your mother sooner or later.

(18) less가 전치사로 쓰여 "～을 제외하고, ～만큼 모자라는"의 뜻이 있다.

ex) He has a monthly salary of $1,450, less tax and insurance.

(19) not so much as : ～조차 하지 않는 (=not even)

ex) He couldn't so much as write his own name.

　　He left without so much as saying 'Thank you'.(without = not + with)

(20) no more, no longer : no more(=not ～ any more)는 정도에, no longer(not ～ any longer)는 시간을 나타내어 "더 이상 ～아니다"의 뜻으로 쓰인다.'

ex) Paul and Ann aren't going out together any more.

　　= Paul and Ann are no more going out together.

cf) I don't have time to do the filling and no more do you!(=neither do you)

9) 최상급 관용어

* the last + 명사 + to do: ～할 사람이 결코 아니다.

ex) He was the last man to arrive and the last to leave.

::: 부사(구), 주격보어의 도치 :::

2형식 문장에서 강조를 위해 장소 부사(구), 주격보어, 과거분사(수동태), 현재분사(진행형)를 문장 앞에 놓으면 주어와 동사의 위치가 도치되기도 한다.

ex) In went the sun and down came the rain.(In과 down이 강조됨)

　　← The sun went in and the rain came down.(The sun과 the rain이 강조됨)

　To this list must be added the following interesting examples.

　　← The following interesting examples must be added to this list.

　　Blessed are the poor in spirit.

　　← The poor are blessed in spirit.

※ 주의

(a) 주어가 대명사이면 도치되지 않는다.

ex) Very ready we are to say of a book, "How good this is."

(b) 3, 4, 5형식 문장에서는 주어와 동사를 바꾸지 않는다.

ex) In the hotel, the man made really good cocktail.

::: There be :::

'있다','존재하다'의 의미를 가진 동사 'be'가 유도되어 'there'와 함께 쓰인다.

ex) No one is outside the house. (×)

　　→ There is no one outside the house.

※ 주의

(a) 주어는 "부정관사+명사"이어야 한다.

ex) There is the book on the table.(×)

　　→ There is a book on the table.

cf) There is the book which I gave you.

　　→ The book which I gave you is there.

(b) there be 구문에서 be동사는 뒤에 오는 주어에 일치시킨다.

ex) There are a great many students living in the house.

　　There is a little water left in the bottle.

(c) be동사 대신에 자동사인 live, exist, stand, remain, seem, happen, go, lie, occur,

begin, grow, come, appear 등이 내용에 따라서 올 수 있다.

ex) There lived a king.

::: 부정어 도치 :::

not, scarcely, hardly, little, rarely, seldom, nowhere, no, none, few, only, never 등이 강조되기 위해서 문장 앞으로 도치되면 다음과 같이 주어와 동사의 순서가 바뀐다.

1) be 동사: "be+주어"의 순서로 도치된다.

ex) Rarely is the actor seen on TV.

2) 일반동사: "do/does/did+주어+본동사"의 순서로 된다.

ex) Only a few minutes did we arrive at the airport.

3) 조동사+동사: "조동사+주어+본동사"의 순서로 된다.

ex) Nowhere can we see such beautiful pictures.

4) 완료시제동사: "have/has/had+주어+과거분사"의 순서로 된다.

ex) Hardly had we begun our walk when it began to rain.

::: It is ～ that :::

동사를 제외하고 단어, 구, 절 등을 it is와 that사이에 넣어서 강조할 수 있다.

ex) We met the teacher at the store last night.

　　→ It was we that met the teacher at the store last night.

　　→ It was the teacher that we met at the store last night.

　　→ It was at the store that we met the teacher last night.

　　→ It was last night that we met the teacher at the store.

주의

(a) not until 구문을 강조할 수 있다.

ex) The meeting did not begin until he arrived.

　　= It was not until he arrived that the meeting began.

　　= Not until he arrived, did the meeting begin.

(b) that 대신 who, whom, which, where, when 등을 쓸 수 있다.

ex) It was John who attended the meeting.

::: 동의 표시 :::

"동의, 확인"을 다음과 같이 표현하여 "역시"의 뜻으로 쓰인다.

1) 앞 문장이 긍정문일 경우: "so + 동사 + 주어", too, as well 등으로 한다.

　　A: The man is diligent.

　　B: The lady is, too/as well. 또는 So is the lady.

 

　　A: They can go there.

　　B: I can, too/as well. 또는 So can I.

 

　　A: He finished the work.

　　B: She did, too/as well. 또는 So did she.

 

　　A: He has already arrived.

　　B: She has, too/as well. 또는 So has she.

주의 have가 본동사로 쓰인 경우는 do로 대신 한다.

ex) A: He has no money.

　　B: She doesn't, either/as well. 또는 So doesn't she.

2) 앞 문장이 부정문일 경우: "not, either" 또는 "neither/nor+동사 +주어"로 한다.

　　A: He is not diligent.

　　B: Jane is not, either. 또는 Neither/Nor is she.

 

　　A: He won't go there.

　　B: I will not, either. 또는 Neither/ Nor will I.

 

　　A: She didn't come here.

　　B: He did not, either. 또는 Neither/Nor did he.

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컬러링 스몰미빌딩 (20개 도시 세트) 미술교육. 창의력 발달. 해외여행. 창의력교육. 색칠공부, :